Evaluation of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) Concertation and Renal function in the Sera of patients with Type 2 diabetes in Erbil city
Abstract
The research included a total of 70 samples, including 40 samples from patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and 30 samples from the control group. The participants' age ranged from 40 to 60 years. The samples were gathered during a one-year duration from the Chronic Diseases Unit / Diabetes Department in the city of Erbil. Later, blood samples were collected from both ill and healthy individuals, and then separated via the process of centrifugation. The variables that were evaluated include glucose, ferritin, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), CRP, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. The results of this research showed a significant rise in the concentrations of glucose, ferritin, TNF-alpha, CRP, urea, creatinine, and uric acid in persons with type II diabetes as compared to the control group.
References
Alam, S., Hasan, K., Naez, S., Hussain, N., Hosaain, F., & Rahman, T. (2021). Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Complications and Comprehensive Management. Diabetology, 2(2), 36–50. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/2/2/4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology2020004
Genuth, S. M., Palmer, J. P., Nathan, D. M., Cowie, C. C., Casagrande, S. S., Manke, A., Cissell, M. A., Eberhardt, M. S., Meigs, J. B., Gregg, E. W., Knowler, W. C., Connor, E. B., Becker, D. J., Brancati, F. L., Boyko, E. J., Herman, W. H., Howard, B. V., Narayan, K. M.V., Rewers, M., Fradkin, J. E. (2021). 3rd [e-book]: Classificatioand diagnosis of diabetes. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US).
Bragg, F., Holmes, M. V., Iona, A., Gou, Y., Du, H., Chen, Y., Bian, Z., Yang, L., Herrington, W., Bennett, D., Turnbull, L., Liu, Y., Feng, S., Chen, J., Clarke, R., Collins, R., Peto, R., Li, L., Chen, Z. (2017). Association between diabetes and cause-specific mortality in rural and urban areas of China. PubMed, 317(3), 280-289. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.19720. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19720
Seshasai, S. R. K., Kaptoge, S., Thompson, A., Angelantonio, E. D., Gao, P., Sarwar, N., Whincup, P. H., Mukamal, K. J., Gillum, R. F., Holme, I., Njolstad, I., Fletcher, A., Nilsson, P., Lewington, S., Collins, R., Gudnason, V., Thompson, S. G., Sattar, N., Selvin, E., Hu, F. B., Danesh, J. (2011). Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. The New England journal of medicine, 364(9), 829-41. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1008862
Odiga, T., & Nwaokezi, C. O. (2020). Effect of Ricinodendron heudelotii seed extract on the oxidative stress biomarkers of Diabetic albino rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Reviews, 4(19), 1-6. Retrieved from https://escipub.com/jprr-2019-11-1905/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28933/jprr-2019-11-1905
Wach, E. (2021). Market Dependency as Prohibitive of Agroecology and Food Sovereignty-A Case Study of the Agrarian Transition in the Scottish Highlands. Sustainability, 13(4), 3-18. doi.org/10.3390/su13041927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041927
Lee, M. H., Means Jr R. T. (1995). Extremely elevated serum ferritin levels in a university hospital: associated diseases and clinical significance. The American journal of medicine, 98(6), 566-71. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80015-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80015-1
Al-dulaimy, N. H., Hassan A. J., Al-Araji, S. M., (2016). Estimation of interferon-α (IFN-α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in female rats immunized by human breast cancer cell line T47D. Journal of University of Babylon, 24(9), 2449-2455. Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/119568.
Ijaz, A., Mehmood, T., Qureshi, A. H., Anwar, M., Dilawar, M., Hussain, I., Khan, F. A., Khan, D. A., Hussain, S., Khan, I. A. (2006). Estimation of ionized calcium, total calcium and albumin corrected calcium for the diagnosis of hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Journal-College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan, 16(1), 49. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16441990/.
Newburgh, J. D. (1943). The changes which alter renal osmotic work. Indian journal of cancer, 53(1), 74–76. doi: 10.4103/0019-509X.180825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.180825
Matsue, Y., Meer, P. V. D., Damman, K., Metra, M., O”Conor, C. M., Ponikowski, P., Teerlink, J. R., Cotter, G., Davison, B., Cleland, J. G., Givertz, M. M., Bloomfield, D. M., Dittrich, H. C., Gansevoort, R. T., Bakker, S. J. L., Harst, P. V. D., Hillege, H. L., Veldhuisen, D. J. V., Voors, A. A. (2017). Blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio in the general population and in patients with acute heart failure. Epub, 103(6), 407–413. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310112
Forst, T., Mathieu, C., Giorgino, F., Wheeler, D. C., Papanas, N., Schmieder, R. E., Halbi, A., Schnell, O., Streckbein, M., Tuttle, K. R. (2022). New strategies to improve clinical outcomes for diabetic kidney disease. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 337. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02539-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02539-2
Dingeon, B. (1975). Determination of serum glucose. Ann. Biol. Clin.
Ridker, P. M. (2003). Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation, 107(3), 363-9. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000053730.47739.3c. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000053730.47739.3C
Searle, P. L. (1984). The Berthelot or indophenol reaction and its use in the analytical chemistry of nitrogen. Analyst, 109(5), 549-568. doi: 10.1039/an9840900549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/an9840900549
Tietz, N. W. (1986). 3rd ed [e-book]: Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. United States: Saunders.
Henry, R. J. (1974). 2nd ed [e-book]: Clinical Chemistry Principles & Techniques. Hagerstown: Harper and Row.
Fossati, P., Prencipe, L., & Berti, G. (1980). Use of 3, 5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clinical Chemistry, 26(2), 227-231. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7353268/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/26.2.0227
Burtis, C. A. and Ashwood, E. R. (1999). 3rd Ed [e-book]: Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry. USA: Saunders Company.
Al-Samarrai, Z. K., & Al-Samarrai, O. R. (2020). Preptin hormone level and Some biochemical parameters in type2 diabetic patients in Samarra city. Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 2(3), 1-6. Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/187454.
Alhabbo, D. J., Saeed, I. D., Khalaf, Y. A. (2018). Frequency of Type 2 Diabetes in Young Age Groups in Northern Iraq. Iraqi Journal of of Medical Sciences, 16(1), 66-73. Retrieved from https://www.iraqijms.net/index.php?do=view&type=article&id=593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22578/IJMS.16.1.10
Abbed, A. M. (2019). Effect of Metformin and Glimepiride Treatment on Some Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Male Patients with Chronic Renal Failure. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Science, 32(2), 38-44. doi: 10.30526/32.2.2137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30526/32.2.2137
Vital, P., Larrieta, E., & Hiriart, M. (2006). Sexual dimorphism in insulin sensitivity and susceptibility to develop diabetes in rats. The Journal of Endocrinol, 190(2), 425-432. doi: 10.1677/joe.1.06596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06596
Baron, A. D., Brechtel, G., Wallace, P., Edelman, S. V. (1988). Rates and tissue sites of non-insulin- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in humans. Am J Physiol, 255(6 PT 1), E769–E774. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.6.E769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1988.255.6.E769
DeFronzo, R. A. (2004). Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am, 88(4), 787–835. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.013
Shehab, A. S. (2018). Association Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Disease with Total Iron Binding and Serum Ferritin Capacity in Men at Tikrit City. The Medical Journal of Tikrit University, 24(2), 66-77. Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/177958.
Al-harbawi, D. J. T., Al-obaidi, W. M. L. (2017). Determination Of Hepcidin Concintration And Many Hematological And Biochemical Variations In Patients With Diabetestype 2 In Balad City. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 22(3), 1-6. doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i3.706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i3.706
Rajpathak, S. N., CandalL, J. P., Rosett, J. W., Kabat, G. C., Rohan, T. E., Hu, F. B. (2009). The role of iron in type 2 diabetes in humans. Biochim Biophysica Acta, 1790(7), 671-681. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.04.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.04.005
Garg, M., Christensen, M. G., Iles, A., Sharma, A. L., Singh, S., & Pamme, N. (2020). Microfluidic-based electrochemical immunosensing of ferritin. Biosensors, 10(8), 91. doi: 10.3390/bios10080091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10080091
Hintze, K. J., & Theil, E. C. (2005). DNA and mRNA elements with complementary responses to hemin, antioxidant inducers, and iron control ferritin-L expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,102(42), 15048–15052. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0505148102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505148102
Sposi, N. M. (2019). Oxidative Stress and Iron Overload in β-Thalassemia: An Overview. Beta Thalassemia, 23(2), 245-261. doi:10.5772/intechopen.90492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90492
Saleh, A. D., & Khalaf, S. A. (2017). Study a level of TNF-α and INF-Ƴ in patients with Type I and II Diabetes Mellitus in diayla governorate. Diyala J.l for P. Sci, 13 (3), 195-206. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373830929_Study_a_level_of_TNF-a_and_INF-Y_in_patients_with_Type_I_and_II_Diabetes_Mellitus_in_diayla_governorate. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24237/djps.1303.250B
Majeed, M. E., Marbut, M. M. (2019). Estimation the levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha patients with diabetic type 2 in Tikrit city. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 24 (4), 8-12. doi:10.25130/tjps.v24i4.388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/j.v24i4.835
Lee, M. S. (2014). Role of Innate Immunity in the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 Diabetes. J . Korean Med Sci, 29(8), 1038 - 1041. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.8.1038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.8.1038
Shaheer, A. K., Thavayil, J. K., Krishna, P. W. (2017). A Comparative study of High Sensitivity C-Reactive protein and Metabolic variables in Type2-Diabetes Mellitus with and without Nephropatly. J Clin Diagon Res, 11(9), BC01-BC04. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/30272.10528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/30272.10528
Devaraj, S., Singh, U., Jialal, I. (2009). Human C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol, 20 (3), 182–89. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32832ac03e. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e32832ac03e
Al-Hardawi, K. K., Al-Hadraawy, M. (2020). Study the relationship between CRP and Ferritin in people infection with COVID-19 in AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology, 12 (1), 2073- 8854. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343588315_study_the_relationship_between_CRP_and_Ferritin_in_people_infection_with_COVID-19_in_AL-Najaf_Governorate_Iraq. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36320/ajb/v12.i1.8147
Behl, T., Goel, H., Kaur, I., Sudan, P. (2014). Role of C reactive protein in Diabetes mellitus and its Associated Complications. Indo American Journal of pharmaceutical Research, 4 (11), 5315. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283270993_Role_of_C_Reactive_Protein_in_Diabetes_Mellitus_and_its_associated_complications.
Lima, L. M., Carvalho, M. D. G., Soares, A. L., Sabino, A. D., Fernandes, A. P., Novelli, B. A., Sousa, M. (2007). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or high blood pressure. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 51(6), 956–60. doi: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000600010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302007000600010
Zahid, E. M. A., Al-Jammali, S. M. J. (2013). A comparison of Erythropoietin hormone level at male diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. kufa Journal for Nursing sciences, 3(3), 1-9. doi: 10.36321/kjns.vi20133.2495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20133.2495
Mulesy, A. M. H., Majeed, A. M. H., Hameed, O. R. (2022). Effect of endothelin-1, Vimentin and some biochemical variables on men with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic patients with hypertension, and diabetic patients with renal impairment. Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 4(3), 61-78. Retrieved from https://www.sjpas.com/index.php/sjpas/article/view/397.
Wagle, T. J. (2010). Genderwise comparison of serum creatinine and blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Bombay Hosp J, 52(1), 64-68. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f5b0b51856206e376caa8f5012d91224cb21ebbf.
Adler, A. I., Stevens, R. J., Manley, S. E., Bilous, R. W., Cull, C. A, Holman, R. R. (2003). Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney int, 63(1), 225-232. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00712.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00712.x
Shrestha, S., Gyawali, P., Shrestha, R., Poudel, B. and Sigdel, M., Regmi, P., Shrestha, M., Yadav, B. K. (2008). Serum Urea and Creatinine in Diabetic and non-diabetic Subjects. Journal of Nepal Association for Medical Laboratory Sciences, 9(1), 11-12. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230690804_Serum_Urea_and_Creatinine_in_Diabetic_and_non-diabetic_Subjects.
Hussin, A. M., Al-Zubaidi, H. T., Abdulameer, Z. J., Abdlkarem. H. A. (2020). The Relationship Between Serum Creatinine, Serum Urea And Blood Sugar Of Patients In Diyala City In Iraq. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 2515-8260. Retrieved from https://ejmcm.com/uploads/paper/b81f6de9d89af35727af211e3bb19b39.pdf
Searcy, R.L. (1969). Diagnostic Biochemistry. Mc Graw – Hill, New York: Book Company.
Rosano, T. G., & Brown, H. H. (2006). Analytical and biological variability of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: implications for clinical interpretation. MEDICINE, 19(2), 184-188. Retrieved from https://biologicalvariation.eu/search?query=creatinine.
Ul-Haq, A., Mahmood, R., Ahmad, Z., Ur-Rehman, J., Jilani, G. (2010). Association of serum uric acid with blood urea and serum creatinine. Pak j physiol, 6(2), 46-49. Retrieved from http://www.pps.org.pk/PJP/6-2/Amin.pdf.
Assob, J. C. N., Ngowe, M. N., Nsaghe, D. S., Anna, J. L. (2014). The relationship between uric acid and hypertension in Adults in Fako division, SW region Cameroon. J Nutr food Sci, 4(1), 1-4. Doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000257
Ali, E. H., Al-Khafaji, K. H. A., Abood, A. H. (2022). A review study of researches conducted on diabetes mellitus type 2 patients in Iraq, Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology, 14(3), 42-50. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364283278_A_review_study_of_researches_conducted_on_diabetes_mellitus_type_2_patients_in_Iraq
Mustafa, N., Al-Obaidi, W. L., Algbury, F. S., Al-Tamimi, A. H. S. (2018). Study of Irisin Level and Many Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Diabetic Mellitus in Kirkuk City. Journal of King Abdulaziz University, 30(1), 21-34. doi:10.4197/Sci.30-1.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4197/Sci.30-1.3