The Protective Role of Nigela Sativa Volatile Oil on Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Enzymes

Ahmed Tawfeeq  Ahmed; Inas Hazim  Hameed; Walaa Hazim  Hameed

doi:10.21070/medicra.v7i1.1743

(1) Ahmed Tawfeeq Ahmed Kementerian Pendidikan
Iraq
(2) * Inas Hazim Hameed Universitas Almustansiria
Iraq
(3) Walaa Hazim Hameed Universitas Tikrit
Iraq
(*) Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/medicra.v7i1.1743

Abstract

Hepatotoxicity is the outcome of a paracetamol overdose.In this study, 40 adult male rats, weighing 180–260 gm and aged between 9 and 13 weeks, were given doses of Nigela sativa oil and their liver enzymes were examined to see how paracetamol affected them. The rats were kept in an environment at a temperature of 25 C^o in an animal house. ,There were four groups of rats, and food was provided for them. (G). (G1) The only injections given to the control group are food and regular saline (0.9% of the time). (G2) 200 mg/kg of N. sativa and (G3) 400 mg/kg of paracetamol Addition of 400 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol. supplying 300 mg/kg B.W. of N. sativa to (G4)400 milligrams/kg B.W. of aspirin. Rat G2, GPT 87.80 IUL, and GOT hepatic enzyme concentration (129.32 IUL) all exhibit significant increases in comparison to the control. Furthermore, the levels of the liver GSH enzyme in rats (G2 )1.24 IUL shown a substantial increase, whereas G3 ( GOT ) 91.9 IUL, (GPT )76.70 IUL, and group (G4) GOT 109.88 IUL and enzyme (GPT ) 55.66 IUL exhibited significant declines as compared with control. While MDA enzyme in rats G2 (0.259 IUL) shows a major increase in comparison to the control, rats G3 (0.139 IUL) and G4 (0.112) show a noticeable decrease in comparison to G2. While body weight indicates that G2's outcomes are significantly lower than those of the other three groups. Groups G3 (2.55 gm) and G4 (2.7 gm) demonstrated a significant rise in liver weight compared to controls and G2, whereas groups G2 (24.23 gm) demonstrated a significant increase in liver weight compared to controls and group G2. Male rats in groups G2 (1.7 gm) demonstrated a significant drop in liver weight compared to controls.

References

Al-Bazaz, H. K., Alnaqqash, Z. A., & Hasan, H. A. (2020). GC-Mass and Phytochemical Investigation of Iraqi Anethum graveolens L. Seeds. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal, 5(4), 44–50.

Ali, B. H., & Blunden, G. (2003). Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytotherapy Research, 17, 299–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1309

Al-Ibrahemi, N., Al-Laith, Z. N., Al-Yassiry, A., & Al-Masaoodi, N. H. (2022). Chemical Analysis of Phytochemicals for Anethum graveolens L. Fresh and Commercial Dry by Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometer. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012089

Al-Ibrahemi, N., Hasan, R. M., & Alslman, K. (2020). Effect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles on oxidative stress (malondialdehyde MDA, lipid peroxidation level LPO) and antioxidant GSH (glutathione. Medico-Legal Update, 20(1), 882–888.

Burits, M., & Bucar, F. (2000). Antioxidant activity of Nigella Sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 14, 323–328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<323::AID-PTR621>3.0.CO;2-Q

Burtis, C. A., Ashwood, E. R., & Bruns, D. E. (1999). Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (3rd ed.). W.B. Saunders Company.

Cranswick, N., & Coghlan, D. (2000). Paracetamol efficacy and safety in children: The first 40 years. American Journal of Therapeutics, 7(2), 135–141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200007020-00010

Durgo, K., Vuković, L., Rusak, G., Osmak, M., & Franekić, J. (2007). Effect of flavonoids on laryngeal carcinoma cells. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 45(1), 69–79.

Ellman, G. L. (1959). Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 82(1), 70–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6

Geissman, T. A. (1962). Chemistry of flavonoid compounds. Macmillan Co.

Ghosh, A., & Sil, P. C. (2009). Protection of acetaminophen-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and hepatic necrosis via Akt-NF-κB pathway: Role of a novel plant protein. Chemical Biology Interactions, 177, 96–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.006

Guidet, B., & Shah, S. V. (1989). Enhanced in vivo H2O2 generation by rat kidney in glycerol-induced renal failure. American Journal of Physiology – Renal Physiology, 257, 440–445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.3.F440

Harborne, J. B. (1984). Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis (2nd ed.). Chapman and Hall. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5570-7_1

Ijaz, H., Tulain, U. R., Qureshi, J., Danish, Z., Musayab, S., Akhtar, M. F., & Zaman, M. (2017). Nigella sativa (Prophetic Medicine): A Review. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30, 229–23.

Itadt, P. D., & Krauss, A. (2000). Pancreatic exocrine function in patients with type I & II diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica, 37, 105–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s005920070011

Javanmardi, J., Stushnoff, C., Locke, E., & Vivanco, J. M. (2003). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chemistry, 83, 547–550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00151-1

Kadhim, S. H., Mosa, A. U., & Ouda, M. H. (2013). Hepatoprotective effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on female rats drenched with paracetamol. Kerbala Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6.

Kapoor, B. B., Mishra, R., Acharya, S., Lakhera, S., & Purohit, V. (2013). Antimicrobial screening of some herbal plants of Rajasthan desert. Unique Journal of Engineering and Advanced Sciences, 1(1), 38–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.2.4

Kumar, V., & Yadav, S. K. (2009). Plant-mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their applications. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84, 151–157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2023

Kushwah, D. S., Salman, M. T., Singh, P., Verma, V. K., & Ahmad, A. (2013). Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa seed in Paracetamol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in vivo. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10, 3923.

Li, H., Hao, Z., Wang, X., Huang, L., & Li, J. (2009). Antioxidant activities of extracts and fractions from Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance. Bioresource Technology, 100, 970–974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.021

Mansour, M. A., Nagi, M. N., Al-Khatib, A. S., & Al-Bekairi, A. M. (2002). Effects of thymoquinone on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and DT diaphorase in different tissues of mice: A possible mechanism of action. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 20, 143–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.968

Mates, J. M., Perez-Gomez, C., Castro, I., & Castro, I. N. (1999). Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clinical Biochemistry, 32(8), 595–603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9120(99)00075-2

New South Wales (NSW) Therapeutic Advisory Group Inc. (2008). December.

Pandey, A., Kaushik, A., & Tiwari, S. K. (2011). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Citrus limon. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 13(13), 1–7.

Pari, L., & Sankaranarayanan, C. (2009). Beneficial effects of thymoquinone on hepatic key enzymes in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Life Sciences, 85(23–26), 830–834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.10.021

Plaa, G. L., & Hewitt, W. R. (1982). Raven Press.

Rumack, B. H., & Matthew, M. (1975). Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics, 55(6), 871–876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.55.6.871

Saha, R. R., Dewan, Z. F., & Uddin, N. (2004). Effect of Nigella sativa Linn (kalajira) on serum lipid profile of hyperlipidemic rats. Bangladesh Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 20, 36–38.

Schmidt, L. E., & Dalhoff, K. (2002). Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen- induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology, 36(3), 659–665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.35069

Sezik, E., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., & Tanaka, T. (2001). Ethnopharmacological review of indigenous medicinal plants in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75, 95–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00399-8

Tingle, M. D., Primohamed, M., Templeton, E., Wilson, A. S., Madden, S., Kitteringham, N. R., & Park, B. K. (1993). An investigation of the formation of cytotoxic, genotoxic, protein-reactive and stable metabolites from naphthalene by human liver microsomes. Biochemical Pharmacology, 46, 1529–1538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(93)90319-R

Usmanghani, P., Saeed, K. A., & Alam, M. T. (1997). Indusyunic Medicine: Traditional Medicine of Herbal, Animal and Mineral Origin in Pakistan. B.C.C. and T. Press, University of Karachi.

Yarmohammadi, A., Mehraban, A., & Abbasi, M. A. (2012). Comparative study of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of some medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(12), 2297–2303.