Extraction and identification of certain bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity from the green algae Cladophora glomerate

Ali Hussein  Mohammed; Nasser Salh  Lhwak; Ahmed Abdulhadi  Jabbar

doi:10.21070/medicra.v7i1.1742

(1) * Ali Hussein Mohammed Department of Pathological Analytics, College of Applied Medical Science, Al-Shatrah University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Iraq
(2) Nasser Salh Lhwak Department of Pathological Analytics, College of Applied Medical Science, Al-Shatrah University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Iraq
(3) Ahmed Abdulhadi Jabbar Department of Pathological Analytics, College of Applied Medical Science, Al-Shatrah University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Iraq
(*) Corresponding Author

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21070/medicra.v7i1.1742

Abstract

Cladophora glomerata algae extract was used to inhibit the growth of five bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Algae samples were collected from the river Euphrates in Al-Fadhiliya/Thi-Qar governorate and extracted into alcohol. The concentrations of the extracts were compared with five antibiotics. The 200% concentration showed the highest effectiveness against bacteria, with an inhibition zone of 28mm. The antibiotics Imipenem and Meropenem had an inhibition zone of 28mm, while Amikacin, Norfloxacin, and Piperacillin had an inhibition area of 12-21mm. The 20% concentration was least effective against E. coli, with an inhibition diameter of 2mm. The alcoholic extract of C. glomerata alga had the highest inhibition region of 28 against K. pneumonia and 13mm against P. mirabilis. The chemical algal contents were identified using mass GC technology, revealing compounds like 10-Undecyn-1-ol, n-hexadecanoic acid, 4,4-dimethyl-1-hex, and isoamyl nitrite, which were found to have the major function of inhibiting bacterial growth

References

Athbi, A. M., AL-Assedi E. J., and Al-Nasser, A. F. (2011). Isolation and Identification of some active compounds from the green alga Cladophora crispata with their bioactivity test. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 8(1), 53-80. doi: doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v8i1.229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21276/ijaq.2011.8.1.4

Al-Saeed Arwa Hamid Mahmoud Muhammad Hassan (2002). Studying the effect of some Anabasis extracts on the blood sugar level of normal rabbits and those suffering from alloxan-induced hyperglycemia. Thesis. College of Science, University of Basra.

Aubert, M.; Aubert, J and Gauthier, M. (1979). Antibiotic substances frommarin flora. In: Marine algae in pharmaceutical science (eds. H. A. Hoppe; T. Levring and Y. Tanaka). Water de Gruyter, Berlien. pp. 267-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110882049.267

Bhowmick, S., Mazumdar, A., Moulick, A., & Adam, V. (2020). Algal metabolites: An inevitable substitute for antibiotics. Biotechnology advances, 43, 107571. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107571

Cakmak, Y. S., Murat K., and Meltem A. O.(2014). Biochemical Composition and Bioactivity Screening of Various Extracts from Dunaliella Salina, a Green Microalga. EXCLI Journal, 13, 679-690. doi: 10.17877/DE290R-6669.

Danyal, A., Mubeen, U., & Malik, K.A. (2013) Investigating Two Native Algal Species to Determine Antibiotic Susceptibility Against some Pathogens. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(2), 70–74. Doi: 10.19026/crjbs.5.5476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19026/crjbs.5.5476

Gao, K., Zhang, M., Li, L., Yang, M., Zheng, Q., Liu, Q., Ning, R., Gao, Z., & Deng, X. (2023). Research hotspots and trends in discovery of anticancer agents from algae: A 20-year bibliometric and visualized analysis based on Web of Science and CiteSpace. Algal Research, 74, 103244. Doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103244

Jeremiah , E . Angeh , Xueshi Huang , Gerry, E . Awan , Ute Mollman Isabel Sattler and Jacobus , N . Eloff . (2007) . Novel antibacterial triterpenoid from Combretum Padoides. 2007(9), 113-120. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228497618_Novel_antibacterial_triterpenoid_from_Combretum_padoides_Combretaceae. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0008.913

Kamel, R. F.; Al-Husseini, A. I. and Abd S. L. (2013). Use of alcohol and aqueous extract of algae the Mougeotia sp. In the in hibitin growth of some types of bacterial pathogenesis. University of Bagdad Market Research and Consumer Protection Center. 5(1), 16-31. Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/76573.

Kazem, M. M. and Kraidy, H. M. (2016). Extracting essential oils from Lepidium aucheri boiss and studying their biological effectiveness. 6(1), 60-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v6i1.284

Leeds, J; A., Esther K. S;, and Philipp Krastel. (2014). Recent Developments in Antibacterial Drug Discovery : Microbe Derived Natural Products from Collection to the Clinic. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 15(3), 211-26. doi: 10.1517/13543784.15.3.211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.15.3.211

Mohammed, Z. A. A., Jawad, H. M., & Reda, N. M. (2021). The effect of algal extract of spirulina platensis, cladophora glomerata on some positive and negative bacterial isolates of gram stain. NeuroQuantology, 19(6), 67-72. doi: 10.14704/nq.2021.19.6.NQ21070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2021.19.6.NQ21070

Nithya, P. and B. Dhanalakshmi. (2016). Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extracts from Selected Seaweed of South East Coast of India. Int. J. Adv. Res 2(9), 714–18. Retrieved from https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue9/PartJ/2-9-51-399.pdf.

Peller, J. R., Whitman, R. L., Griffith, S., Harris, P., Peller, C., & Scalzitti, J. (2007). TiO2 as a photocatalyst for control of the aquatic invasive alga, Cladophora, under natural and artificial light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 186(2), 212-217. Doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.08.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.08.009

Petchsomrit, A., Chanthathamrongsiri, N., Jiangseubchatveera, N., Manmuan, S., Leelakanok, N., Plianwong, S., ... & Sirirak, T. (2023). Extraction, antioxidant activity, and hydrogel formulation of marine Cladophora glomerata. Algal Research, 71, 103011. Doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103011

Shareef, A. A. and AL-Salami, A. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of some Cyanobacteria in Basrah Governorate. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences). 37(1B), 22-32. Retrieved from https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/54408

Surendhiran, D., Li, C., Cui, H., & Lin, L. (2021). Marine algae as efficacious bioresources housing antimicrobial compounds for preserving foods-A review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 358, 109416. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109416

Weidman, V.E., Walne, P.R and Tainor, F.R (1984). Anew technique for obtaining axenic culture of algae. Can. J.Bot., 42(7), 958-959. doi: 10.1139/b64-085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b64-085

Winnacker, Ernst-ludwig. (2015). Phytochelatins , a Class of HeavyMetal Binding Peptides from Plants, Are Functionally Analogous to Metallothioneins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 84(2), 439-43. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.2.439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.2.439